Since 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infectedmorethan1,700people,withafatalityrateof∼36%(5,6).Since2013,porcineepidemic The Elements of the China Challenge The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic underwent a rapid transition with the emergence of a dominant viral variant (from the “D-form” to the “G-form”) that carried an amino acid substitution D614G in its “Spike” protein. Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the causative agent of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease pandemic. In the months that followed, many studies, both in vitro and in animal models, showed that variants carrying this mutation were more infectious and more readily transmitted than the ancestral Wuhan form. 262 0 obj
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Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Forward-looking studies and analyses appear in scholarly papers by LANL authors covering pandemic influenza, emerging diseases from wildlife, effects on critical infrastructure, and the tools developed to track outbreaks. Hit Makers: The Science of Popularity in an Age of Distraction 7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral Spike vaccines —Cell Host & Microbe X Shen, H Tang, C McDanal, K Wagh, W Fischer, J Theiler, H Yoon, D Li, ... All current vaccines for COVID-19 utilize ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike with the goal of generating protective neutralizing antibodies. Recombination and low-diversity confound homoplasy-based methods to detect the effect of SARS-CoV-2 mutations on viral transmissibility —BioRxiv EE Giorgi, T Bhattacharya, WM Fischer, H Yoon, W Abfalterer, B Korber The SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein mutation G614 was first detected in late January 2020 and within a few months became the dominant form globally. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health will receive more than $2 million per year in a five-year grant from the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute to form a center for studying the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infected 8,000 people, with a fatality rate of ∼10% (1-4). Clinical Immunology COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) Research Guide Countries that did not cowrite 50 papers or more with any other of the top 50 countries were removed because they would have resulted in unlinked nodes. The G-form is more infectious in vitro and is associated with increased viral loads in the upper airways. - Air pressure, mechanical stresses on alveoli, impact of mucus on internal air flow, etc. in the wake of COVID-19, including unemployment, mental illness, and addiction; and, (3) the importance of moderating factors (e.g., age, race and ethnicity, gender, personality, family status, and culture) for which there are likely to be disparate COVID-19 impacts. Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures examines how evidence based on research relevant to the development of DLLs/ELs from birth to age 21 can inform education and health policies and ... Reopening schools safely is a high priority for many interested stakeholders. The impetus for this book is the relative lack of research into the integration of spatial analysis and GIS, and the potential benefits in developing such an integration. Integrating these estimates and high-resolution real-time human travel and infection data with mathematical models, we estimated that the number of infected individuals during early epidemic double every 2.4 days, and the R0 value is likely to be between 4.7 and 6.6. R������p�@� '��
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WHO is gathering the latest international multilingual scientific findings and knowledge on COVID-19. This book offers the first comprehensive analysis of the psychology of pandemics. WHO is gathering the latest international multilingual scientific findings and knowledge on COVID-19. WHO continues to collaborate with experts, Member States and other partners to identify gaps and research priorities for the control of COVID-19, and provide advice to countries and individuals on prevention measures. of Energy's NNSA | Copyright 2021 Triad National Security, LLC. endstream
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<. The consistency of this pattern was highly statistically significant, suggesting that the G614 variant may have a fitness advantage. In all cases, the G614 pseudovirus was moderately more susceptible to neutralization. Our results show that plans that utilize consecutive days in school and divide students into separated smaller cohorts who attend school together, as well as plans that emphasize distance learning, are better able to suppress disease spread and reduce risk from an introduced infective into the community. NBER Working Paper No. 1058 0 obj
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The new COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. Timothy C. Germann, Hongjiang Gao, Manoj Gambhir, Andrew Plummer, Matthew Biggerstaff, Carrie Reed, Amra Uzicanin. Important announcement: The CDC Database of COVID-19 Research Articles is now a part of the WHO COVID-19 database external icon.Our search results are now being sent to the WHO COVID-19 Database external icon to make it easier for them to be searched, downloaded, and used by researchers worldwide.. • School removes a subgroup of students from the general population. We collected extensive individual case reports and estimated key epidemiology parameters, including the incubation period. It is also predicted to be more neutralization sensitive owing to enhanced exposure of the receptor binding domain, a key target region. In early December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Our team demonstrated, by looking at the genetic sequence of the virus and comparing it to other known coronaviruses, that it originated from animals. All Rights Reserved. National food This book provides a comprehensive overview of recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, their biology and associated challenges for their treatment and prevention of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In early December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. We explored different reopening scenarios including remote learning, in-person school, and several hybrid options that stratify the student population into cohorts (i.e., split cohort) in order to reduce exposure and disease spread. While early school closures were likely beneficial in protecting children in the initial stages of the pandemic in the U.S., long-term closures pose significant cumulative effects in children who rely on schools for instruction and additional social services, and for parents who need to balance work and childcare obligations. This book confronts the vulnerabilities and interconnectedness made visible by the pandemic and its consequences, along with the legal, ethical and policy responses. “Stories that both dazzle and edify… This book is not just about life, but about discovery itself. • School can instead by very detrimental to the community by speeding up the outbreak if the initially infected case is a student. To date we have identified thirteen mutations in Spike that are accumulating. Results show that the doubling time early in the epidemic in Wuhan was 2.3–3.3 days. The D614G mutation in Spike: increased infectivity and neutralizing Ab sensitivity and the underlying mechanism —Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) technical presentation Korber at al. Coronavirus research highlights. Using secondary data, research (Susilawati et al, 2020) produces evidence that the sectors affected by COVID-19 are transportation, tourism, trade, and the household sector that is most significantly affected. COVID-19 pandemic on social and economic mobility (Prawoto et al, 2020; Susilawati et al, 2020). Research relevant to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic predates the onset of COVID-19. Detailed understanding of these determinants is key for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351 —New England Journal of Medicine (4/7/21) An analysis of cross-reactive viral binding and neutralization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants suggests that the mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 vaccines elicit immune responses that are effective at neutralizing the B.1.429 variant but less effective in recognizing the B.1.351 variant. COVID-19, with first trials initiated just 60 days after the genetic sequence of the virus was shared by China, a broadly available vaccine is not expected for the next 12 to 18 months. Global research database. Users should be aware that email is not a confidential means of transmission. This report was produced for congressional offices only. It will be updated frequently. CONGRESSIONAL OFFICE USE ONLY Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection —Science Advances 6 (27), eabb9153 X Li, EE Giorgi, MH Marichannegowda, B Foley, C Xiao, XP Kong, Y Chen, ... Understanding the origins of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for deterring future zoonosis, discovering new drugs, and developing a vaccine. An interesting and much debated approach is the one generated by the works of Slavoj Žižek, who states that the current pandemic has led to the bankruptcy of the current "barbaric" capitalism, wondering if the path that humanity will take ... Mutations are considered in a broader phylogenetic context, geographically, and over time, to provide an early warning system to reveal mutations that may confer selective advantages in transmission or resistance to interventions. The treatment e ects that we nd are large in economic terms. The global literature cited in the WHO COVID-19 database is updated daily (Monday through Friday) from searches of bibliographic databases, hand searching, and the addition of other expert-referred scientific articles. Research relevant to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic predates the onset of COVID-19. A coronavirus comprises single-stranded RNA inside a lipid envelope. Introduction The COVID-19 outbreak (previously 2019-nCoV) was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health will receive more than $2 million per year in a five-year grant from the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute to form a center for studying the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The resource aims to assist health workers, policy makers, and researchers to bring the COVID-19 pandemic to . These and many other findings have been established only very recently. The articles collected in this book reveal and/or further detail these findings. endstream
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To determine whether D614G might also mediate neutralization escape that could compromise vaccine efficacy, sera from spike-immunized mice, nonhuman primates, and humans were evaluated for neutralization of pseudoviruses bearing either D614 or G614 spike. Machine Intelligent Survival Models of Patient–Ventilation Interaction for COVID-19 —Technical report, Los Alamos National Lab. Thus, the increased infectivity of the G-form is likely due to a higher rate of profitable binding encounters with the host receptor. This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Unapologetic and clear-eyed, The Fight for Climate after COVID-19 helps us understand why the time has come to prepare for the world as it will be, rather than as it once was. Exploring the role of glycans in the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and human receptor ACE2 —BioRxiv K Nguyen, S Chakraborty, R Mansbach, B Korber, S Gnanakaran During viral infection, the Spike RBD of SARS-CoV-2 binds the human host cell receptor ACE2, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age; A need of COVID19 vaccination for children aged <12 years: Comparative evidence from the clinical characteristics in patients during a recent Delta surge (B.1.617.2) Pediatric COVID-19 Vaccines- What Parents, Practitioners, and Policy Makers Need to Know Data for 48 countries imply flu-related Recent content from BMC and SpringerOpen journals relevant to coronavirus research, as well as additional . A novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness that originated in Wuhan, China, and which has spread to several other countries around the world. One variant, first identified in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7, also called 20I/501Y.V1), contains eight spike mutations with potential to impact antibody therapy, vaccine efficacy, and risk of reinfection. Scenarios where split cohorts of students return to school in non-overlapping formats resulted in significant decreases in the clinical attack rate (i.e., the percentage of symptomatic individuals), potentially by as much as 75% . Spike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2 —BioRxiv B Korber, W Fischer, SG Gnanakaran, H Yoon, J Theiler, W Abfalterer, ... We have developed an analysis pipeline to facilitate real-time mutation tracking in SARS-CoV-2, focusing initially on the Spike (S) protein because it mediates infection of human cells and is the target of most vaccine strategies and antibody-based therapeutics. CORD-19 is designed to facilitate the development of text mining and information retrieval systems over its rich collection of metadata and structured full text papers. The COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) is a growing resource of scientific papers on COVID-19 and related historical coronavirus research. The most likely ecological reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 are bats, . This is done in the context of recommended global TB strategies and targets endorsed by WHO's Member States, broader development goals set by the United Nations (UN) and targets set in the political declaration at the first UN high-level ... The Biostatistics section starts with clinical biostatistics, presenting methods for evaluating clinical tests and improving clinical decisions. Here we provide a new estimate of this quantity. Recent content from BMC and SpringerOpen journals relevant to coronavirus research, as well as additional . On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emerge … These statistics were computed for the top 50 national producers of coronavirus-related papers. Also, we present evidence of recombination between locally circulating strains, indicative of multiple strain infections. Interpretation: The extremely fast spread of COVID-19 in Europe and the US suggest a highly infectious virus with a high R0. E1,I0,O4 ABSTRACT Mortality and economic contraction during the 1918-1920 Great Influenza Pandemic provide plausible upper bounds for outcomes under the coronavirus (COVID-19). Here we investigate why a recently published study by van Dorp et al. This detailed new edition provides a comprehensive collection of protocols applicable to all members of the Coronavirinae sub-family currently and that are also transferrable to other fields of virology. Plans with more consecutive school days are protective for both the schoolchildren and surrounding community by acting to separate the larger intermixing. Global research database. 1.1. 2 1. Using an Agent-Based Model to Assess K-12 School Re-openings Under Different COVID-19 Spread Scenarios-United States, School Year 2020/21 —MedRxiv Timothy C Germann, Manhong Z Smith, Lori Dauelsberg, Geoffrey Fairchild, Terece Turton, Morgan E Gorris, Chrysm Watson Ross, James P Ahrens, Daniel D Hemphill, Carrie Manore, Sara Y Del Valle School-age children play a key role in the spread of airborne viruses like influenza due to the prolonged and close contacts they have in school settings. Initially, the basic reproductive number, R0, was estimated to be 2.2 to 2.7. To our knowledge, this is the rst paper to shed light on the e ects of COVID-19 on college students' experiences. However, the proportion of cases that had been detected was low ... With such high epidemic growth rates, moderate intervention efforts will have little impact on the public health outcome; high levels of efforts to achieve greater than 77-86<% reduction in transmission are needed, no matter whether the goal is to slow down the growth to protect a large fraction of population from infection within 18 months, or to reverse the growth all together. The book covers exercise strategies specifically tailored for common mental illnesses, such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and more. Forward-looking studies and analyses appear in scholarly papers by LANL authors covering pandemic influenza, emerging diseases from wildlife, effects on critical infrastructure, and the tools developed to track outbreaks. This second edition is based on evidence from several WHO updated and published clinical guidelines. It is for use in both inpatient and outpatient care in small hospitals with basic laboratory facilities and essential medicines. h�bbd``b`� k�� !�$X�@\-b�uc`bd� " -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. Download PDF An open-resource literature hub known as LitCovid curates the most comprehensive collection of international research papers so far on the new coronavirus disease COVID-19 (see go . The recent emergence and rapid spread of several SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying multiple spike mutations raise concerns about possible immune escape. The new COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. We fitted the model to both infection incidence and death count data collected from eight European countries and the US. The global literature cited in the WHO COVID-19 database is updated daily (Monday through Friday) from searches of bibliographic databases, hand searching, and the addition of other expert-referred scientific articles. Safely Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic —MedRxiv CD Shelley, PS Chadwick, C Manore, SY Del Valle Early school closures were a consistent, nationwide response to the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March due to the role that children play in spreading influenza. Intermediate reopening interventions identified no win-win situations; there was a trade-off between public health outcomes and duration of workplace closures. SARS-CoV-2 variant B. The last version of the CDC COVID-19 database will be archived and remain available on this website. © Copyright Triad National Security, LLC. The mutation Spike D614G is of urgent concern; it began spreading in Europe in early February, and when introduced to new regions it rapidly becomes the dominant form. International trade is highly affected by mycotoxin contaminations, which result in an annual 5% to 10% loss of global crop production. Operated by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's NNSA © Copyright Triad National Security, LLC. In addition, we assessed the combined impact of reduced in-person attendance in workplaces (e.g., through differing degrees of reliance on telework and/or temporary workplace closings) and school reopening scenarios to quantify the potential impact of additional transmission pathways contributing to COVID-19 spread. h�b```�Vf�J``C�� present evidence that there are now more SARS-CoV-2 virused circulating in the human population globally that have the G614 form of the Spike protein versus the D614 form that was originally identified from the first human cases in Wuhan, China. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein acquired a D614G mutation early in the pandemic that confers greater infectivity and is now the globally dominant form. WHO continues to collaborate with experts, Member States and other partners to identify gaps and research priorities for the control of COVID-19, and provide advice to countries and individuals on prevention measures. Our evaluation includes uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, as well as model output uncertainties arising from variability in serial intervals and presumed modifications of social contacts during school dismissal periods. 26866 March 2020, Revised April 2020 JEL No. Furthermore, though they claim no evidence of recombination in their dataset, we and several other studies identify a subset of the sequences as recombinants, possibly enough to affect their statistic adversely. To this end, we perform extensive all-atom simulations of the (i) RBD-ACE2 complex without glycans, (ii) RBD-ACE2 with oligomannose MAN9 glycans in ACE2, and (iii) RBD-ACE2 with complex FA2 glycans in ACE2. More specifically, it most likely came from a family of bat viruses that acquired the ability to infect human cells from another family of coronaviruses found in pangolins. This outbreak was triggered in December 2019 in Wuhan city in Hubei province of China. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) AT Mohan, CD Shelley, JD Riglin, JD Bernardin, SY Del Valle Challenges in Mechanical Ventilation system, like ventilator-induced lung injury, arise from a lack of detailed understanding of internal air flow through lungs. This essential volume explores a variety of tools and protocols of structure-based (homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, protein-protein interaction network) and ligand-based (pharmacophore mapping, quantitative ... This paper explores. Such policies involve three key decisions: when, over what geographical scale, and how long to keep schools closed. Africa has defied predictions of being the worst hit by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which has devastated Europe, the Americas, and some Asian countries. Immunology of COVID-19 to be Studied at New Center. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to . Early, strong and comprehensive intervention efforts are necessary, whether the aim is mitigation or containment. Xiaojun Li, Elena E. Giorgi, Manukumar Honnayakanahalli Marichann, Brian Foley, Chuan Xiao, Xiang-peng Kong, Yue Chen, Bette Korber, Feng Gao, bioRxiv, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.000885. COVID-19 reopening strategies at the county level in the face of uncertainty: Multiple Models for Outbreak Decision Support —MedRxiv K Shea, RK Borchering, WJM Probert, E Howerton, TL Bogich, S Li, ... Policymakers make decisions about COVID-19 management in the face of considerable uncertainty. hޔ�=j1���
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�q��W�}�>&"��pN����Sp:�8g���s\W�Upu�k����k��}8�c��X��? Data for 48 countries imply flu-related We then designed 2 mathematical modeling approaches to infer the outbreak dynamics in Wuhan by using high-resolution domestic travel and infection data. Ruian Ke, PhD, Steven Sanche, PhD, Ethan Romero-Severson, PhD, Nick Hengartner, PhD, medRxiv, doi: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20050427v1.full.pdf. To address this challenge, we used an agent-based model that simulates communities across the United States including daycares, primary, and secondary schools to quantify the relative health outcomes of reopening schools. The resource aims to assist health workers, policy makers, and researchers to bring the COVID-19 pandemic to . and significantly decrease their sensitivity. Shanghai COVID-19 Medical Treatment Expert Team edits this timely guide for effective prevention and control of COVID-19. 270 0 obj
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Each one is evaluated for evidence of positive selection, and the implications of the mutation are explored through structural modeling. Vaccination against this novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), offers the possibility of significantly reducing severe morbidity and mortality and transmission when deployed alongside other public ... From the CDC's COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) website: "COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) is a virus (more specifically, a coronavirus) identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China.Early on, many of the patients in the outbreak in Wuhan, China reportedly had some link to a large seafood and animal market, suggesting animal-to-person spread. A subset of monoclonal antibodies to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike are less effective against the variant, while others are largely unaffected. Initial estimates of the early dynamics of the outbreak in Wuhan, China, suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6–7 days and a basic reproductive number (R0) of 2.2–2.7. Assuming a serial interval of 6–9 days, we calculated a median R0 value of 5.7 (95% CI 3.8–8.9). Welcome to the Lancet COVID-19 Resource Centre, bringing together all COVID-19 research, reviews, commentary, news, and analysis from across the Lancet family of journals as it is published.
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